DIOLA BAGAYOKO
P. O. Box 11776
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
(504) 355-7234 - Home
(504) 771-2730/4130 - Office
E-mail Addresses: bagayoko@phys.subr.edu or Bagayoko@aol.com

EDUCATION (For, in dealing with complex situations, good faith is not enough in carrying out tasks that require knowledge & skills)

Ph.D., Physics (theoretical solid state), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1983.
M.S., Physics (solid state), Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1978.
B.S., Physics and Chemistry, Ecole Normale Superieure de Bamako, Bamako, Mali, 1973. Formal training (theory and practice) in the art and science of teaching and learning,
Ecole Normale Super. de Bamako, (1969-73).

EMPLOYMENT (For, it is an opportunity to contribute positively)
Please refer to the following pages for some pertinent performance measures in the positions
named below.
1994-Present: Professor of Physics, Department of Physics, Southern University and
A&M College, Baton Rouge (SUBR).
1994-Present: Chancellor's Fellow, the distinguished academic appointment at SUBR.
1989-1993: Associate Professor, Department of Physics, SUBR.
1984-1989: Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, SUBR.
1987-1988: Director, Office of Grants, Sponsored Research and Faculty Development, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
1983-Present: Visiting Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
1983-1984: Lecturer, Department of Physics, University of Garyounis, Benghazi, Libya.
1982-1983: Research Assistant, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
1978-1982: Teaching Assistant, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
1975-1983: AFGRAD Fellow, African American Institute (AAI)-- for Ph.D. studies.
1973-1975: Instructor, Chemistry and Physics, Lycee (Senior High School) of Sikasso, Mali.

TEACHING CREDENTIALS (For students, no amount of mentoring can be a substitute for the actual mastery of applicable subject knowledge and skills, as determined by national standards)

The employment history provided above partly attests to the teaching experiences. The substance of these teaching experiences is conveyed through the following major components. Please refer to Attachment I for contributions in harnessing over $500,000 of external funds for instructional equipment, computer laboratories, laboratory manager, audio-visual resources, etc.

1. Courses
Taught lecture, recitation, and/or laboratory courses which span the undergraduate Physics curriculum. Illustrative topics include: Freshman Physics, Classical and Relativistic Mechanics, Solid State Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Electricity and Magnetism, and Mathematical Physics. Led the development of an entire graduate physics curriculum.

One should add to the above experiences two years of teaching high school physics and chemistry. This affords a unique perspective as far as teaching college freshman courses is concerned.2. Curriculum

2. Design and InnovationReviewed, updated, or developed contents for various courses to insure congruency of the curriculum with the standards of the job market and of graduate schools. As head of the departmental curriculum committee, designed the content and delivery methods for Phys 145, an introduction to Newtonian mechanics, Phys 311-411 mathematical physics sequence, Phys 400, computational physics, and over half of the graduate courses.

The above curriculum designs integrate course content, delivery, and feedback mechanisms so as to take explicitly into account the taxonomy of the cognitive domain and utilize modern science and technologies, including cognitive condensation.

3. RECRUITMENT, ADVISEMENT, AND HOLISTIC MENTORING (For, we know of no giant who did not learn from and was not mentored by others)

Theses Directed and Thesis Committee Service

"The Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Ruthenium Dioxide." Graduate Student: Mr. Troy. D. Williams. Date of graduation: July 31, 1998. Director: Diola Bagayoko, Ph.D.

"The Electronic, Magnetic, and Structural Properties of Al18Fe." Graduate Student: Ms. LaKindra P. Francis. Date of Graduation: July 31, 1998. Director: Diola Bagayoko, Ph.D.
 

 Bachelor of Science –Honors Theses "Optimization and Spectrophotometric comparisons of Radiochromic Dye (2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-Tetrazolium chloride) in Gelatin and Agar Models." Student: LaKindra P. Rancis. Date of graduation: May, 1997. Co-directors: Diola Bagayoko, Dr. Lisa Karam (NIST, Physics Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD), and Dr. Ella L. Kelley.

"Electronic Properties of Al18Fe." Date of graduation: May, 1994. Director: Diola Bagayoko.
 

 Thesis Committee Service (documentation of actual services is available) Served of the thesis committees of the following Master’s degree students whose graduation dates are given in parentheses: Anthony Cochran (May 1998); Lan Zhou (7/31/1998), Ke Yu (7/31/1998), Isiaka Akanbi (7/31/1998), Manford Chinkhota (7/31/1998), LaShondria Dixon (7/31/1998).
  Recruitment, Systemic Advisement and Mentoring: The Timbuktu Academy Personally supervised the research of an average of six (6) physics majors, per year, from 1989 to present. Sponsored four (4) national EPA fellows from 1988 to 1989. Provided financial support, through various grants, to thirty (30) students, and greatly assisted in the recruitment of selected students up to 1990. Served as academic advisor and mentor for two (2) student grand marshalls of SUBR (Ms. Zelda Gills, 1989 Grand Marshall, African-American and now holding a Ph.D. in physics from Georgia Tech and Mr. Billy Vegara, a Hispanic American, 1992 Grand Marshall, now serving in the US Navy).

Established the nationally recognized Timbuktu Academy with the financial support of the National Science Foundation (RCMS Program) and the Louisiana Board of Regents. A major funding from the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (ONR), has expanded the Academy in 1993 to "mentor one hundred (100) precollege students per Summer, fifty (50) high achieving college students majoring in physics, engineering, and chemistry, and to affect, positively, over 5000 precollege and college students and their parents per year." Recruited and mentored, thanks to additional funding from NASA, NIST, NSF, and SUBR, additional physics, engineering, and chemistry majors per year, including five (5) NASA-USRP scholars. About 93% of these scholars are African-Americans, the others are Hispanic, White, and Asian-Americans.

He initiated, through local, regional, and national publications and presentations, a wide replication of the Timbuktu Academy, including in the State of Louisiana via the Louisiana Alliance for Minority Participation (LAMP) for which he is one of the principal investigators. The paradigm, objectives, activities, diversified funding base, programs, and selected results of the Timbuktu Academy are available on the world wide web at http://www.phys.subr.edu.

Based on the strength of the undergraduate program, the Louisiana Board of Regents approved the M.S. degree program in physics effective in the fall of 1996. The Graduate Component of the Timbuktu Academy has been established and already secured three (3) superior graduate fellowships, from a competitive state-funding program.

A greater appreciation of what we refer to as mentoring is available in Education, Vol.115, No.1, November, 1994 in a series of three (3) articles co-authored by Bagayoko. These papers place the creation of educational value added on a scientific footing. The actual results, in terms of graduates and their pursuit of Ph.D. degrees, the production of new knowledge by the Scholars, and their scholastic accomplishments are available at the web site noted above.

 From 1989 to present, several (5-27) students attended, the national NCBPS and NSBP conferences every year. From 1993 to present, others (2-9) attended NSBE, NCUR, ASEE/GSW, APS, and ACS conferences. Per year, 30-50 scholars attend and 5-15 present at these conferences.

ADMINISTRATIVE CREDENTIALS (For, proper and accountable management matters)

Has promoted and enhanced sponsored project activities at SUBR, during the year and a half tenure as Director of the Office of Grants. Illustrative results are: a four fold increase in the number of grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and a two fold increase in the funding level from NSF; a two fold increase of the number of faculty development projects; the move of SUBR from no rank to number two, in number of funded projects as well as in funding level, in the State wide competitive 8(g) Enhancement grant program for public and private colleges and universities in the State of Louisiana (1988-1989).

Rigorously self-schooled in the theory and practice of management and administration (strategic planning; human resource development, empowering, and support; budgeting, etc). Demonstrated abilities in Office of Grants (please refer to results given above) and in successfully managing over $300,000 competitive sponsored project funds per year, from 1987 to 1991; this sponsored project support has been over $800,000 per year from 1992 to present. (Please see attachment I.)

 RESEARCH PERFORMANCE [For, I learned it from Dr. Younouss Dicko and Dr. Moussa Maiga (ENSup, Mali, West Africa), Drs. James McCleanann and Yong Wook Kim (Lehigh Univ., PA, USA), and the late Boyd Professor Joseph Callaway (LSU, LA, USA)]

PUBLICATIONS (over 44 Scientific/Technical & Refereed Articles/Papers)

45. "Predictive, Ab-initio computations of Properties of Ferroelectric Materials," D. Bagayoko and G. L. Zhao. Accepted for publication in the International Journal of Modern Physics B (1999).

44. "A Problem Solving Paradigm," D. Bagayoko, Saleem Hasan, and Ella L. Kelley. Accepted for publication in College Teaching (1999).

43. "Ab-initio Calculations for the Superconducting Properties of Yba2Cu3O7", G. L. Zhao and D. Bagayoko. Accepted for publication in the International Journal of Modern Physics B (1999).

42. "Misconceptions and the Certainty of Response Index (CRI)," Saleem Hasan, D. Bagayoko, and Ella L. Kelley. Accepted for publication in Physics Education (United Kingdom, 1999).

41. "Electronic Structure and Charge Transfer in 3C- and 4H-SiC," G. L. Zhao and D. Bagayoko. Submitted to Physical Review B (1999).

40. "Predictive Calculations of Properties of Molecules, Clusters, and Semiconductors," D. Bagayoko, G. L. Zhao, and Troy D. Williams. Proceedings, 1999 Meeting of the National Society of Black Physicists (NSBP ’99), Atlanta, Georgia, March 21 (1999)—Accepted for Publication (1999).

39. "Local-Density-Functional Prediction of Electronic Properties of GaN, Si, C, and RuO2" G. L. Zhao, D. Bagayoko, and T. D. Williams. Accepted for publication in Physical Review B (1999).

38. "Ab-initio Calculations of the Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Ferroelectric Tetragonal BaTiO3." Bagayoko, G. L. Zhao, J. D. Fan, and J. T. Wang, accepted for publication, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 10, No. 25, 5645 (June, 1998).

37. "The Ponderomotive Four-Momentum," Ju Gao, Diola Bagayoko, and Dong-Sheng Guo. Canadian Journal of Physics, Vol. 76, 87-94 (1998).

36. "Conductivity and Isotope Effect in the Colossal Magnetoresistance," Y. M. Malozovsky, J. D. Fan, D. Bagayoko, and J. T. Wang. International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 12, Nos. 29-31, 3376-3380 (1998).

35. "Conductivity and Isotope Effect in the Colossal Magnetoresistance," Y. M. Malozovsky, J. D. Fan, and D. Bagayoko. International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 12, Nos. 29-31, 3397-3405 (1998).

34. "A Two Dimensional Structure Factor Calculation for the Cu-1 Plane in YBa2Cu3O6," Taner Edis, J. D. Fan, D. Bagayoko, and J. T. Wang. International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 12, Nos. 29-31, 3091-3094 (1998).

33. "Optical Properties of the Half-Metallic La3/4Ca1/4MnO3," D. Bagayoko, G.L. Zhao, J.D. Fan and J.T. Wang. International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 12, Nos. 29-31, 3359-3364 (1998).

32. "The Gap Function in YBa2Cu3O7." G.L. Zhao and D. Bagayoko. International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 12, Nos. 29-31, 3057-3062 (1998).

31. "Monte-Carlo Simulation of Coarsening in a Model of Submonolayer Epitaxial Growth" Pui-Man Lam, Diola Bagayoko and Isiaka Aknabi, submitted to Physical Review B (1998).

30. "Spin-dependence of the Electron Scattering Cross Section by a Magnetic Moment," T. Wang, F. Tang, W. D. Brown, D. Bagayoko. Submitted for publication in the Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (JMMM), 1998.

29. "A Theoretical Model for Ferroelectric Polarization Controlled Superconductor Devices," T. Wang, M. Chinkhota, R. Tashakkori, and D. Bagayoko. Accepted for publication in Nuclear Instruments and Methods for Physics Research (1998).

28. "First-Principle Study of the Electronic Structure and Polarization in Ferroelectric BaTiO3." Bagayoko, G. L. Zhao, J. D. Fan, and J. T. Wang. Proceedings, Louisiana Academy of Science (LAS), (1997).

27. "Renormalization Group Study of Mullins' Equation for Molecular Beam Epitaxy with Conserved Noise," P.M. Lam and D. Bagayoko, Physica A250, 495-505 (1998).

26. "3d Impurities in Aluminum," D. Bagayoko and Pui-Man Lam at SUBR, Nathan Brener and Joseph Callaway at LSU; Physical Review B54, Vo. 17, pp. 12184-12193, Nov. 1996.

25. "Colored Noise in the Dynamics of Aqueous Protein Solutions," P.M. Lam and D. Bagayoko, Physical Review E53, No.1, 1280 (1996).

24. "Hidden Symmetry, Exact Relations, and a Small Parameter in Surface Growth Models with Diffusion," P.M. Lam and D. Bagayoko, Physica A 223, 413-417, 1996.

23. "Dynamics of Concentration Fluctuations in Polymer Solutions with Spatiotemporal correlated Noise," Pui-Man Lam and D. Bagayoko, Phys. Rev. E50, No.1, 437 (1994).

22. "The Dynamics of Student Retention," D. Bagayoko and Ella L. Kelley, Education Vol. 115, No.1, 31-39 (Fall, 1994).

21. "Cognitive Condensation for Mastery Teaching and Learning," D. Bagayoko and E. L. Kelley, Education, Vol. 115, N0. 1, 19-25 (Fall 1994).

20. "A Paradigm of Education: the Model of the Timbuktu Academy," W. E. Moore and D. Bagayoko, Education, Vol. 115, N0. 1, 11-18 (Fall, 1994).

19. "Ward Identities for Surface-Growth Models with Diffusion," Pui-Man Lam and D. Bagayoko, Physical Review E50, 2488 (October, 1994).

18. "Spatiotemporal Correlation of Colored Noise," Pui-Man Lam and D. Bagayoko, Physical Review E48, No. 5, 3267 (November, 1993).

17. "Cohesive and Magnetic Properties of Free Al18Fe Clusters," D. Bagayoko; W. Sheppard, and D. Wallace (undergraduate Scholars at the Timbuktu Academy); Proceedings, National Society of Black Physicists (NSBP-92), Jackson, MS, April 29 - May 2, 1992.

16. "Cognitive Condensation and the Science of Science Teaching," D. Bagayoko; B. Pillot, E. Pillot, M. Briscoe, M. Wright (Undergraduate Scholars at the Timbuktu Academy); and E. L. Kelley, Department of Chemistry, Proceedings, National Society of Black Physicists (NSBP-92), Jackson, MS, April 29 - May 2, 1992.

15. "Mechanics" in Magill's Survey of Science: Physical Science, Publisher: Salem Press, Pasadena, California (Jan. 1992). ISBN: 0-89356-618-7, pp. 1367-1373, (Invited Chapter).

14. "The Maxwell's Thermodynamics Equations - A Simplified Aide Memoire," Physics Education, Vol. 27, No. 3, 128-129, 1992. Publisher: Institute of Physics, London.

13. "Electronic Structure and Related Properties of Silver," G. Fuster, J. M. Tyler, N. Brener, and J. Callaway at LSU, D. Bagayoko at Southern University and A&M College, Phys. Rev. B42, 7322, (1990).

12. "Electronic, Magnetic, and Bulk Properties of Nickel," D. Bagayoko and Zelda Y. Gills, Proceedings, Annual Meeting of National Society of Black Physicists, Holmdell, N.J. (1989).

11. "Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Manganese Impurities in Aluminum," D. Bagayoko, N. Brener, D. Kanhere, and J. Callaway, Phys. Rev. B36, 9263 (1987).

10. "Electronic Structure of Chromium and Manganese Impurities in Copper," D. Bagayoko, P. Blaha, and J. Callaway, Phys. Rev. B34, 3572 (1986).

9. "On Variational Solutions of the Dirac Equation," D. Bagayoko, C. Dorsey (student), and N. Brian (student), Proceedings, NSBP, Washington, D.C. (1985).

8. "Contraction of Gaussian Basis Sets and the Total Energy of FCC Copper," D. Bagayoko, Inter. Jour. Quant. Chem. 17, 527 (1983).

7. "Lattice Parameter Dependence of Ferromagnetism in BCC and FCC Iron," D. Bagayoko and J. Callaway, Phys. Rev. B28, 5419 (1983).

6. "Band Structure of BCC Cobalt," D. Bagayoko, A. Ziegler, and J. Callaway, Phys. Rev. B27, 7046 (1983).

5. "Electronic Structure of Iron," 1983, Ph.D. Dissertation, available from University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

4. "Total Energy of Metallic Lithium," J. Callaway, X. Zou, D. Bagayoko, Phys. Rev. B27, 631 (1982).

3. "Calculation of the Total Energy of a Metal," J. Callaway, X. Zou, and D. Bagayoko, Phys. Lett. A89, 86 (1982).

2. "Band Structure, Optical Properties, and Compton Profile of Copper," D. Bagayoko, D.G. Laurent, S.P. Singhal, and J. Callaway, Phys. Lett. A76, 187 (1980).

1. Total Energy Calculation Computer Program Package. An Extension of the electronic structure program BNDPKG (by C. S. Wang and J. Callaway in Computer Physics Communications, 1978), (1983, and extension to non-cubic symmetries in 1994).

PUBLICATIONS (Scholarly work on mentoring, teaching and learning, educational research; for, what is not recorded is likely to be lost and likely not to be replicated)

19. "Early Guidance Pays Off: Mentoring students in science, engineering and math promotes success." Diola Bagayoko, Resource Magazine, American Society of Agricultural Engineering , published by the National Congress for Community Economic Development (NCCED), Vol. 5, No. 4, page 29, April, (1998).

18. "Southern University to Launch Ph.D. in Science/Mathematics Education" Diola Bagayoko, published in LaCEPT Report, a biannual magazine publication of LaCEPT, Winter 1997-98.

17. "Towards a Framework for the Assessment and Evaluation of Mentoring Processes and Results." A contributed paper for the Second National Symposium for the US Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring, Washington, D.C., September, 1997.

16 ."The Timbuktu Academy." Proceedings, first National Symposium for the US Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring, Washington, D.C., September 1997.

15. "Mentoring: A Strategy for Increasing Minority Participation." Proceedings, National Conference on "Exploring the Role of Social and Behavioral Science Careers in the 21st Century"; New Orleans, LA, April 18-19, 1997.

14. "Less is more." A contributed article in the first publication of the Louisiana Collaborative for Excellence in the Preparation of Teachers (LaCEPT), 1996.

13. "Undergraduate Research as a Tool in Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry Education," Reza Mirshams, Diola Bagayoko, and Ella Kelley, Proceedings American Society for Engineering Education, Gulf Southwest (ASEE/GSW) Section, March 27-29, 1996.

12. "The Power Law of Performance and Cognitive Condensation for Mastery Teaching and Learning," D. Bagayoko, Fall, 1996 (a 33 page document on noted subject) available (at http://www.phys.subr.edu).

11. "Expectations: Federal and Academic, An Essay on Flourishing in Changing Times," Proceedings, 1996 Louisiana EPSCoR Conference, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, January 24-25, 1996.

10. "Mentoring Students In (or For) SEM Fields: the Model of the Timbuktu Academy." D. Bagayoko, Proceedings, LaSPACE Forum, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, February 23, 1994.

9. "A Paradigm for SEM Undergraduate Education: Educating Engineers for the 21st Century," D. Bagayoko, Ella L. Kelley, and V. T. Montgomery; Proceedings, American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE)/Gulf Southwest Region (GSW), Baton Rouge, Louisiana, March 24-25, 1994.

8. "A Paradigm for Undergraduate Education: Applications to Engineering Retention," D. Bagayoko and Ella L. Kelley, Proceedings, 1993 Forum of the National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering (NACME), Washington, D.C., June 2-5, 1993.

7. "Retention Revisited." D. Bagayoko and Ella L. Kelley. Proceedings, Retention 2000, October 14, 1992. Office of Minority Student Education, Division of Academic Affairs, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742.

6. "Retention." Bagayoko, D., Proceedings, 1992 Symposium of the Science and Technology Advisory Committee of the National Association for Equal Opportunity (NAFEO) in Higher Education. Washington, D.C. 1992.

5. "Promoting Thinking and Reasoning Skills Through a Constructivist Approach to Teaching: A Research Based and Practical Guide for Educators," D. Bagayoko, I. W. Ruffin, E. L. Kelley, and R. L. Ford, Pages 1-19, Publisher: Timbuktu Academy, Spring 1992 and 1994.

4. "The Making of Minority Scientists and Engineers for the 21st Century at Southern University and A&M College: The Paradigm of the Timbuktu Academy," D. Bagayoko, Invited Paper at the 1992 National Conference of the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE), New Orleans, LA, Pages 1-28, April 23, 1992.

3. "The Versatility and Wonders of Physics," D. Bagayoko, Pages 1-9, 1991 and 1994.

2. "Louisiana Education Quality Support Fund (LEQSF): Priorities and Procedures for Allocation," D. Bagayoko, Pages 1-31, April 10, 1987.

1. "Prosperity Through Academic Excellence," G. D'Amour,..., D. Bagayoko et al. A Working Paper Developed for Louisiana Board of Regents, April (1987).

PUBLICATIONS (book authorship and "Editorship")

3. Co-Editor, International Journal of Modern Physics B: refereed proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on New Theories, Discoveries, and Applications of Superconductors and Related Materials (May 31-June 4, 1999), Circus Circus Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada.

2. Co-author, with Professor Ora Plummer as the first author, of a 200 page writing book entitled "Writing for Success,", Publisher: McGrawhill, ISBN: 0-07-154196-9 (1998).

1. Proceedings, Fifth Annual College of Sciences Symposium, February 6-8, 1991. Editor (With Professor Ineatha Ruffin as Co-Editor) of the 91 page proceedings entitled: "The Versatility and Wonders of Physics."

 SCHOLARLY DOCUMENTS (Equivalent to refereed publications - as they had to pass rigorous peer reviews by expert consultants hired by the State Board of Regents or others.)

7. Principal Author, SUBR's Implementation Plan for the SU System’s Extra-Compensation Policy (this 10 page document had to pass the test of state and federal regulations).

6. Principal Author, The Strategic Plan for the Ph.D. in Science and Mathematics Education at SUBR, Spring, 1996.

5 . Principal Author, The Proposal and the Strategic Plan for the Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering at SUBR, Spring, 1996.

4. Co-principal author, LAMP proposal to the National Science Foundation (NSF), 1994-95. (refereed and rated excellent by seven consultants of the Foundation). Funded for five years, at the level of $10 Million, by the National Science Foundation and the LA Board of Regents!

3. Principal Author, SUBR's Proposal to Establish a Ph.D. in Science/Mathematics Education (1990-93). (A four volume documents.) This Ph.D. degree program was officially established in the fall of 1998!

2. Principal Author, SUBR's Proposal to Establish a Master's Degree Program in Physics (Summer and Fall 1992). The M.S. degree program in physics started in the fall of 1996!

1. Co-Principal Author, SUBR's Report for the Board of Regents' Review of the Physics Undergraduate Program (fall, 1992). The lead author was Dr. C. H. Yang, Chairman. The department’s undergraduate program earned the highest rating of "outstanding."

The reader should refer to these documents and proposals to assess the amount of work and the level of scholarship they entailed. For each of proposals 1 and 2 above, the author had to postpone the writing of one technical paper in order to develop them at the scope and depth that are becoming to a Chancellor's Fellow. The cited literature in these proposals mildly conveys the scholarly work embedded into them.